Bicentennial Historical Paraguay.
The history of Paraguay as the nation begins to form and with the arrival of the English itself to these South American lands. Thanks to the great "discovery" of the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus (1492), these lands were thereafter is under the administration of the English, in addition to the Portuguese who arrived in the area of \u200b\u200bBrazil since 1500. However, we can not fail to note that the first arrivals to this area in South America were the Guarani, which often were almost exterminated in the struggle with the Europeans, because they performed forced labor or new diseases introduced by the conquerors, in return, in Paraguay, but also There were bitter struggles and rebellions, the Guarani arrived to make alliances with the English, thus giving rise to the Paraguayan nation.
In 1776, a fairly significant case regarding the organization of English rule in America with the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, to the present territories of Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay and part Brazil, disintegrated territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru. With that fact, the city of Buenos Aires became the capital of the new viceroyalty in total loss of Asunción, which was relegated in the background. In 1782, the viceroyalty was divided into municipalities and governorates, Buenos Aires and Asuncion was a governor was a Government-Municipality until 1811, under the command of Bernardo de Velazco English and Huidobro.
Governor Velazco was fairly accepted by the Paraguayans. Instead there is inevitably raises several questions: What events caused seeking independence from the Paraguayans?, what were the causes that led to the revolutionary coup? Therefore, to understand the causes of Paraguayan independence, we must go back to the events that occurred in the late eighteenth century in Europe and America. External causes were diverse, including ideological issues mentioned , understood this as the influences of the thoughts of Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire and others, whose books came to America and were read by many intellectuals. So how are you new ideas led to substantial changes in Europe, as the French Revolution in 1789, produced the same effect on America, promoting the pursuit of economic freedom among the English colonists (1776). A significant event in the weakening of English power in America was the invasion of Napoleon in the Iberian Peninsula, this event marked the beginning of the end of the power of the English crown in this continent.
When the British invaded the Río de la Plata in 1806 and 1807, the Paraguayan patriots bravely participated in the defense of colonial power, this also made them see the Paraguayan Creoles had sufficient preparation to govern alone in case there is a necessity. All these events above constitute external causes of Paraguayan independence.
However, the internal causes of the Paraguayan find that emancipation from colonial times, the Paraguayans were very left out of politics, not allowed to hold any office, ie, the Patriots sought self-government they needed and they realized that they were trained for this task. The fact that showed they had enough power to have self-government was demonstrated when the Paraguayan soldiers defeated Argentine troops of General Manuel Belgrano in January and March 1811 (Battle of Cerro Porteno and Tacuary,) when he dabbled in Paraguay in order to achieve its annexation as part of the emerging Argentina.
In the days before the revolution, patriots José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Fulgencio Yegros, Vicente Iturbe, Pedro Juan Caballero, Mariano Antonio Molas, Mauricio Jose Troche, Fernando de la Mora and others met regularly in the family home Martínez Sáenz (now Independence House) where he devised the beat for 25 of May 1811. However, on the morning of May 14, Vicente Ignacio Iturbe found that Velasco government was aware of the conspiracy, a fact that forced the Patriots to run the same night the coup. To consummate the triumph of the revolution on the morning of May 15, the designated headquarters Doctor France and Juan Valeriano Zeballos as deputies to be associated with the Governor Velazco, constituted the triumvirate. However, this was a ploy by Dr France to appease the English living in Asuncion. Velazco be deposed on June 9, 1811.
Since its independence on May 15, 1811, the path followed by Paraguay at certain stages was difficult, but thanks to the tenacity and sacrifice the Paraguayan people, has always risen from adversity. The main events that happened thereafter can be summarized as follows: the June 17, 1811 met the First National Congress, summoned by the heroes of May and is the Superior Governing Board, composed Fulgencio Yegros, Doctor Francia, Fernando de la Mora, Pedro Juan Caballero and Francisco Javier Bogarín.
Soon, the leadership of Dr. France begin to hoard the other heroes, and so 1813, was another form of government, the Consulate and composed only by France and Yegros. In 1814, Congress appointed Dr. France as Supreme Dictator for a period of five years, however, in 1816, the Congress would appoint him as Dictator Perpetuo, that is, until his death which happened in 1840. With the long rule, France was one of the most striking figures in Paraguayan history, but despite all the controversies, it is undeniable that, thanks to his tireless struggle for independence, Paraguay could establish itself as a sovereign state, despite that its independence was not accepted by Argentina and Brazil.
Although, Paraguay and was independent from 1811, was only on December 25, 1842 that Congress formally declared national independence, and during the presidency of Carlos Antonio López. The government of Don Carlos was characterized by significant economic and cultural development of the country, a major concern of Lopez was the recognition of independence by neighboring countries, and this effort devoted much of his life. Brazil would recognize him in 1844 and Argentina in 1852. Don Carlos was as President of Paraguay until his death on September 10, 1862.
Le succeeded by his son Francisco Solano López, who had already accompanied Don Carlos in the efforts of government, Solano Lopez continued the work of his father, but during his rule in Paraguay came upon a tragic war against the Triple Alliance, composed of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The terrible conflict put an indelible stamp on the nation's history, so much talk of a before and after the war.
In 1885, the state has by law the sale of public lands that had accumulated during the governments of France and the López. Thus was born the great private estates in Paraguay, an event whose consequences are still felt. Two years later, in 1887 produced la fundación de los partidos políticos Liberal y Colorado. En agosto de 1904, cuando recién el país se levantaba de las ruinas de la guerra grande, se inicia la insurrección del Partido Liberal contra el presidente colorado Juan Escurra. La revolución triunfó a fines de 1904, llevando al poder a los liberales, hasta entonces incapaces de acceder al poder. Pese a la anarquía que siguió a la revolución, la administración se regularizó a partir del gobierno de Eligio Ayala.
De esta manera se llegó al primer centenario de la independencia paraguaya, en ese entonces, Paraguay pasaba por una gran inestabilidad política, producto de constantes coup attempts. In March 1911, Colonel Albino Jara had successfully assumed power as president after defeating his enemies. Since he had no intention of calling an election, the de facto president, demonstrating their intention to perpetuate his control, issued a decree which provided for a wild action: the centenary of independence was held in the month of October 1813, breaking a long tradition of celebrating in the month of May. What is the excuse the coup Jara? We know that the real reason not to celebrate the centenary was in fact that was not popular and that his government was hanging by a thread, but the legal excuse was the idea that the Patriots failed to independence at the May 15, 1811, but only on October 12, 1813, the date on which established the Consulate and changed the name of our country, which happened to be called Province to Republic of Paraguay. The idea of \u200b\u200bAlbino Jara had no historical foundation, so it was not accepted by the population, so many legal battles after the centenary was celebrated in the month of May 1911, but with little government involvement in the same .
años1932 and 1935 saw the Chaco War. Though victorious in the war against Bolivia, Paraguay suffered the consequences of the growth of the army, in the next 50 years would be the dominant force in Paraguayan politics. So, right now in February 1936 Revolution took place February, which tried to carry out certain social measures, but that just might stay a year and a half in power.
The Paraguay was involved in a bloody civil war in March 1947 with the rise of liberal, February and Communists against the military dictatorship of Higinio Morinigo. With support from the Colorado Party, Morínigo could suppress the revolution, which was followed by severe repression and exile of thousands of Paraguayans.
The longest dictatorial system would begin on May 4, 1954, when, through a coup, General Alfredo Stroessner access to power and implements a repressive regime that would end on February 3, 1989 with the overthrow of Stroessner, beginning a gradual transition towards democracy. Shortly after the coup dismantled the torture chambers and many exiles returned home. A Stroeesner succeeded him in power for the red Andrés Rodríguez, Juan Carlos Wasmosy, Raul Cubas Grau, Luis Gonzalez Macchi and Nicanor Duarte Frutos.
On April 20, 2008 took a historic event, as did the first change of government from one party to another by popular vote in the exercise of sovereignty, with the victory of Fernando Lugo Méndez, making it so, the 52nd president of the Republic of Paraguay.
Thus, in 2011 Paraguay reached its bicentennial, 200 years of independence, is undoubtedly a historic event worth remembering and celebrating, but also a suitable moment to to analyze the past, review the errors and assess the successes and sovereign country. The Bicentennial is not an accident, is a product of a long struggle, a dream cherished the past two centuries: the desire to see Paraguay as an independent state, and in that sense we can say that we are on track. Health Paraguay, for the bicentenary of your independence!
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